Advanced manufacturing has become a critical economic priority for industrial and emerging nations worldwide as a major source of innovation and spillovers that drive growth throughout the economy. Today, advanced manufacturing is a competitive, highly globalized enterprise that requires heavy investment in research and development (R&D) to create the scientific and technological advances that promise economic and national security. As the frontiers of manufacturing evolve, it will increasingly rely on the convergence of scientific and engineering R&D with information technology; sophisticated design, automation, and modeling tools; and a highly trained work force and innovative business models to rapidly adapt to customer needs and compete in new markets. Intense cost competition and the demand for mass customized products will drive manufacturing to become increasingly automated, while advancements such as the increased use of industrial robots, user-friendly design, and modeling tools may offer a shift towards a more decentralized and democratized manufacturing system. Policy-related factors such as the amount of government investment in R&D, regulations, intellectual property, immigration policies, and the quality of education may enable or challenge advances in manufacturing and related services. Understanding emerging trends and policies for advanced manufacturing in the United States and other countries provides a foundation for dialogue, policy formation, and action.