There are as many unique approaches to national research and development (R&D) policy as there are nations, each shaped by the country's innovation culture, political systems, and the relationship between the various sectors of its economy. Some nations direct R&D policy from centralized government policy organizations, while others have a more distributed policy infrastructure or allow their country's innovation ecosystem to grow organically with little government involvement. Mechanisms to provide funding to industry, academia, and nonprofits also vary greatly between nations. This session will feature three national perspectives on R&D policy while highlighting how they adapt to changes in both their own economy and the greater world economy. How these differences are addressed in international collaboration will also be discussed.