The United States is on the cusp of implementing climate change policies that will require 50–80 percent reductions in greenhouse gases by mid-century. This reduction is meaningless if the rest of the world, including developing countries, do not also reduce their carbon emissions. The energy base in China, India, and much of the Pacific Rim, as well as the United States, is coal, a primary resource essential to the growth and stability of these countries and one that will take decades and significant technological breakthroughs to replace. Unfortunately, the world cannot wait for these breakthroughs. While the United States is concerned primarily with capturing carbon, developing countries, while not insensitive to climate change, are more urgently concerned with the impact of emissions on human health and environmental quality. Regardless of the motivation, we must quickly close on a global strategy that will eliminate the greatest amount of greenhouse gases and other fossil fuel emissions, in the least amount of time and cost, without destabilizing the economies of both developed and developing countries. The science and technology challenge is clear -- we must work together to develop and deploy integrated capture technology that eliminates, and safely disposes of, the harmful components of emissions, including carbon dioxide, at a capital and operating cost and energy requirement comparable to current systems that do not address carbon dioxide.