Single molecule detection (SMD) and single cell analysis (SCA) offer unique opportunities for detection of biomarkers for early disease diagnosis, for ultrasensitive assessing of environmental impacts, and for probing distinctive functions of individual molecules in single live cells. Smart functions of single live cells have also inspired designs of intelligent bio-inspired devices. At the cellular level, a small number of biomolecules can induce drastic cellular responses and lead to disease, emphasizing the importance of molecular detection of trace amounts of biomolecules in single live cells. This symposium is structured to showcase the latest advances in SMD and SCA and their applications.