The role of nuclear safeguards has evolved from the simple verification of the correctness of a state's declaration, to the more complex challenge of ensuring that nonproliferation controls are respected. The advanced safeguards system plays a central role in areas of technology transfer for peaceful purposes. The additional protocol (AP) authorizes safeguards authorities to verify the absence of undeclared nuclear activities in all parts of a state’s nuclear fuel cycle, including uranium mines, fuel fabrication plants, enrichment facilities, and nuclear waste sites, as well as any other location where nuclear material is or may be present, and this at nearly any time. This session aims to clearly demonstrate what technology transfers and expertise have taken place, what cutting-edge scientific techniques have been developed, and how they have actually enhanced international safeguards.