The concepts of discovery and innovation belong together for many reasons. But what, precisely, are “discovery” and “innovation,” what is their relationship, and why does it matter? While the answers may seem obvious, appearances may be deceiving. Assumptions about actual and aspirational relations between discovery and innovation require historical, philosophical, ethical, and policy analysis, appropriately embedded within the relevant domains of science and engineering. There are good empirical questions to be asked of the connection between discovery and innovation. Why do we so readily put these notions together? What is the trajectory of their interactions? History and philosophy and social studies of science allow us to problematize and explore the assumptions underlying common understandings of the relationship. Such explorations open further avenues of inquiry, especially into how to organize science and the funding of science to facilitate innovative discoveries. Moreover, insofar as the aim of AAAS is to advance science while serving society, we may become better prepared to evaluate whether and how discovery, innovation, and innovative discovery do advance the public good. This session explores a range of meanings of discovery and innovation and the connections between them, in order to assess better and worse arrangements in science, funding, and policy.