Galaxies are the fundamental building blocks of the universe. Understanding how they formed in the early universe and have evolved through cosmic time is one of the primary goals of modern cosmology. Galaxies are now thought to have evolved in a non-linear manner by episodes of accretion, intensive star formation, and supermassive black hole (SMBH) activity triggered by large-scale phenomena such as galactic mergers. When the universe was just a billion years old, “starburst” galaxies converted vast reservoirs of gas and dust into new stars at a furious pace—many thousands of times faster than normal spiral galaxies like our Milky Way—creating SMBHs and near-solar elemental abundances. This symposium focuses on the enormous progress being made in our understanding of galaxy kinematics, structure, and evolution in the early universe through exquisite observations being acquired with new, state-of-the-art centimeter- and millimeter-wavelength telescope systems such as the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array in Chile, the South Polar Telescope in Antarctica, the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy in California, and the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array in New Mexico.