Li-Ion Batteries: From the Spacecraft Galileo to Our Cars and Grid

Despite intensive world effort, it has proved difficult to scale up the first generation of Li-ion batteries for transportation or grid storage. As usual, cost, safety and materials are the main limitations. A new paradigm is required to design new anode and cathode materials and architectures, and to discover new chemistries (or rediscover old ones). Solving the remaining challenges will require researchers from a range of different disciplines.