Governments around the world are actively subsidizing and otherwise supporting private sector research and innovation of new technologies in pursuit of economic development, energy and climate sustainability, effective and low-cost health care, and other national goals. A key policy and political issue around such programs is whether and how to engage foreign companies and researchers. Panelists will address the pros and cons of prohibiting or encouraging foreign participation from the perspective of countries of different sizes and at different stages of development. They will also address mechanisms and approaches to maximizing national benefits from foreign participation, and they will address diverse approaches to defining which entities are domestic and which are foreign.