While the social causes of crime are well known, there is marked variation in individual’s responses to them. This observation provides the rationale for research into individual variation in vulnerability to the social causes of crime. Such research often addresses individual differences in social learning, self-control, and social bonds. It has now been confirmed that these and nearly all other human behaviors are partially under biological influence; so much of vulnerability to the social causes of crime is inherently biological. Biological and biosocial research on crime is a broad and rapidly advancing pursuit. Psycho-biologists are uncovering biological underpinnings of individual differences that predict criminal involvement, including neurocognitive deficits, arousal levels, and personality traits. Cognitive neuroscientists are finding biological explanations for why cognitive processes such as risk appraisal and decision-making differ between adolescents and adults. Health researchers are investigating the effects of child abuse on victims’ immune systems and physical health. Other research is uncovering consequences for crime of childhood exposure to toxins and nutrition deprivation. The studies on this panel demonstrate the genetic, biological, and biosocial correlates of aggression, callous behavior, antisocial behavior, and crime. The findings have important implications for theory, method, and the health, social, and criminal justice response to these behaviors.