Beginning in the 1980s, the United States ran an exchange program that brought as many as 4,000 scientists annually from "sensitive" countries (e.g., China, India, Pakistan, and the states of the former Soviet Union) to U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) labs, including exchanges with Russian and Chinese scientists at DOE weapons labs. These exchanges promoted trust and national security by building relationships among scientists at U.S., Russian, and other national security science laboratories. Scandals in the 1990s and a cooling of relations with Russia during the early 21st century have led to a decline in these exchanges, including a cessation of exchanges with Chinese scientists at the DOE weapons labs and a dramatic reduction in exchanges with Russian weapons scientists. However, given President Obama's speeches on arms control and the notion of ridding the world of nuclear weapons, it is time to increase and diversify these exchanges with Russia, China, India, Pakistan, and other strategically important countries. This symposium will examine the history of lab-to-lab exchanges during and after the Cold War and explore new ways national security science can be used to promote international relations.