Discovery based on innovation has been the hallmark of astronomy over the past two decades. Our understanding of the universe—from our own solar system to the broad issues of cosmology—has improved immeasurably over this period while, paradoxically, what we don’t know related to such issues as dark matter and energy has also been highlighted. This session covers technological innovations and their impact on astronomical research and discovery. The focus of each talk centers on a particular technological innovation that has transformed the field of astronomy in some way: large telescopes, adaptive optics, infrared arrays, wide field imaging surveys, radio interferometry, and instruments for cosmic microwave background measurements. The session describes the technology, the history of its development, and the astronomical discoveries and research enabled by the technology.