Understanding the health impact of environmental factors, from climate to ambient air quality to heat waves, requires new statistical methodologies that link a multiple series of spatially distributed temporal information. Environmental data may differ according to the factors measured, and health-based data come in many forms, from person-specific information to aggregated Census tract statistics. Understanding and incorporating the complexity of the differing data structures is key. Further, it is critical to incorporate the spatial uncertainty associated with environmental and health-based observational data. Four leading health and environmental statisticians address these key statistical issues as they answer important questions related to the health impact of adverse environmental conditions.